Are H-1B workers underpaid, or does their compensation match industry standards? That’s a key question debated by the Economic Policy Institute and the Cato Institute, both of which have done deep dives into H-1B salaries over the past several weeks.
The Economic Policy Institute issued a lengthy report at the beginning of May that insisted the Department of Labor (DOL) allows employers to undercut local wages via the H-1B. “Among the top 30 H-1B employers are major U.S. firms including Amazon, Microsoft, Walmart, Google, Apple, and Facebook,” the group wrote. “All of them take advantage of program rules in order to legally pay many of their H-1B workers below the local median wage for the jobs they fill.”
The issues with H-1B pay, the report continues, stem from DOL policies regarding H-1B minimum wage levels. Although DOL has broad authority to set four H-1B levels, based on wage survey data form the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Employment Statistics survey, it has chosen to “set the two lowest levels (of the four) well below the local median wage.”
That decision has a ripple effect, with employers “taking advantage of a flawed H-1B prevailing wage rule to underpay their workers relative to market wage standards.” The Economic Policy Institute also questions whether the top 30 H-1B employers “use the program solely, or even mostly, to hire workers with truly specialized skills,” which is the visa’s stated intent.
The report’s analysis found that, for computer applications, salaries are 17 percent to 34 percent lower than local median salaries. Overall, “three-fifths of all H-1B jobs were certified at the two lowest prevailing wage levels in 2019,” with Amazon and Microsoft assigning 75 percent (or more) of their H-1B positions to these levels. Walmart, Uber, and Google assigned roughly half to either of these two levels, while IBM assigned three-fifths.
“There is a large existing U.S. labor pool for Level 1 and 2 types of positions that could be expanded even further through private investments in training,” the Economic Policy Institute states as part of its conclusions. “U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents have been graduating in record numbers with bachelor’s degrees in computer science and engineering over the past five years.”