You are only partially correct, summary of issues are:
Bureaucracy and myopic leadership mixed with toxic culture
You have diagnosed the problem only partially correct. You are right all the systems are incredibly convoluted and held together by human glue. Any of their competitors do so much more with significant less operations headcount. Horse and buggy vs streamlined sports car, and you are right training can never bridge that chasm...
The Hubris of Intel is thinking they are world class when they haven't modernized and lost the automation lead 15 years ago. The technical lead they lost more recently (5-7 years ago). Improving systems is nearly impossible due to cost and its against Intel "POR is good enough, the problem must be you". Even if you do succeed in getting approval through the multiple BU to get a change made, once it comes to resourcing it, they will scope the project and decide it is too expensive and ZBB it... If Intel can't get IFS bench-marked and competing at the level of their competitors, they simply cannot compete profitably. An external force could do this, low confidence they can learn new tricks internally and I would think at that point we might see a divorce/split internally.
The only site to effectively improve Intel manufacturing systems got sold to Hynix, and they only modernized as they were running on Micron automation systems. Post divorce from Micron they found out first hand Intel systems POR could not run the fab as is. A 10-20% margin business can not waste money running a fab inefficiently. Too bad Intel doesn't seem to have taken any of those lessons back to the mothership.